Find the terms you need
A curated list of key terms and concepts in institutional investing, fund management, and trading — designed to support clarity, transparency, and informed decision-making. Answered with discretion and transparency.


Fund Structures & Capital Allocation
Segregated Accounts
Segregated accounts hold client assets separately from the operating capital of the fund or firm, enhancing transparency, control, and investor protection.
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AUM (Assets Under Management)
AUM represents the total market value of the assets that a fund or firm manages on behalf of its clients, serving as a key indicator of size, scale, and credibility.
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Liquidity
Liquidity refers to how quickly and efficiently an asset or fund can be converted into cash without significantly affecting its price — a critical factor for allocators and managers alike.
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Commitment Period
The commitment period is the designated timeframe during which investors must allocate their pledged capital to a fund, allowing managers to plan deployment across strategies.
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Subscription & Redemption
These are the processes by which investors enter (subscribe) or exit (redeem) from a fund, subject to predefined terms such as notice periods, gates, and liquidity cycles.
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GP / LP Structure
The GP/LP structure is a legal model where the General Partner (GP) manages the fund and bears operational responsibility, while Limited Partners (LPs) provide capital and share in the profits with limited liability.
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Mandate
A mandate defines the investment strategy, guidelines, risk tolerance, and constraints that a manager must follow when managing capital on behalf of an investor or allocator.
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Fund of Funds (FoF)
A Fund of Funds (FoF) is an investment vehicle that pools capital to invest in a portfolio of other funds, offering diversification across managers and strategies while adding a layer of oversight and risk management.
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Allocator
An allocator is a professional or institution responsible for distributing capital across multiple investment strategies, managers, or asset classes, typically to optimize returns and manage risk.
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Investment Strategies & Styles
Market Sentiments
Market sentiments refer to the overall attitude or mood of investors toward a particular asset or market.
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Trading Strategy
A trading strategy is a set of rules or techniques used by traders to identify opportunities and make investment decisions.
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Leverage
Leverage is the use of borrowed capital to increase the potential return on an investment.
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Portfolio
A portfolio is a collection of financial assets, such as stocks, bonds, and alternative investments, held by an investor or fund.
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Risk Management
Risk management involves identifying, assessing, and mitigating potential risks in investments to protect capital.
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Strategy Provider
A strategy provider is a firm or individual that creates and offers investment strategies for use by funds, investors, or traders.
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Portfolio Management
Portfolio management is the process of selecting and managing investments to achieve specific financial goals.
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Private Equity
Private equity refers to investments made in private companies, typically through buyouts, venture capital, or direct investment.
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Diversification
Diversification is an investment strategy that spreads investments across different asset classes to reduce risk.
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Alternative Funds
Alternative funds invest in asset classes outside of traditional stocks and bonds, such as real estate, commodities, and private equity.
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Family Office
A family office is a private wealth management advisory firm that manages the investments, assets, and financial affairs of a wealthy family.
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Hedge Funds
Hedge funds are pooled investment funds that employ various strategies to generate returns for their investors, often using leverage, derivatives, and short-selling.
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Confluence (trading)
In trading, confluence refers to the alignment of multiple indicators or signals pointing to the same outcome, increasing the confidence in a trade setup or strategy.
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Hedge
A hedge is a risk management technique used to offset potential losses in one position by taking an opposing position in a related asset or derivative.
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Beta
Beta measures an investment’s sensitivity to overall market movements, reflecting the portion of returns driven by broader market exposure rather than active management.
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Alpha
Alpha represents the excess return of an investment relative to a benchmark, often attributed to a manager’s skill in identifying profitable opportunities.
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Discretionary Trading
Discretionary trading involves human decision-making based on fundamental analysis, intuition, and market experience, often adjusting dynamically to news and changing conditions.
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Systematic Trading
Systematic trading is a rules-based investment approach where decisions are driven by quantitative models rather than human discretion, enabling consistency and scalability in execution.
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Market Neutral
Market Neutral strategies seek to generate alpha by neutralizing exposure to market movements, typically using offsetting long and short positions within the same asset class or sector.
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Quantitative Strategy
Quantitative strategies use mathematical models, algorithms, and statistical techniques to identify trading opportunities, often operating at high frequency and across multiple asset classes.
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Global Macro
Global Macro is a top-down investment strategy that makes trades based on macroeconomic trends such as interest rates, geopolitical shifts, and economic cycles across global markets.
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Performance & Risk Metrics
Volatility
Volatility refers to the degree of variation in the price of an asset over time.
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Stress Testing
Stress Testing simulates extreme market scenarios to assess how a portfolio might perform under adverse conditions, such as financial crises or volatility spikes.
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Value at Risk (VaR)
Value at Risk (VaR) estimates the maximum expected loss over a defined period at a given confidence level, helping managers quantify potential downside exposure.
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EP (Equity Protect)
Equity Protect (EP) refers to capital preservation mechanisms that safeguard investor equity by embedding hard stops, hedges, or drawdown caps in portfolio strategy design.
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Hard Stop
A Hard Stop is a strict rule that halts trading or strategy execution when performance breaches a predefined loss or risk limit, used to protect capital.
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Soft Stop
A Soft Stop is a predefined threshold where trading activity may be paused or reviewed due to underperformance, but not automatically halted, offering flexibility in risk control.
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Slippage
Slippage is the difference between the expected price of a trade and the price at which it’s actually executed, often caused by volatility or poor execution infrastructure.
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Sharpe Ratio
The Sharpe Ratio evaluates risk-adjusted return by comparing excess returns over a risk-free rate to the portfolio’s volatility, helping investors assess reward versus risk.
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Drawdown
Drawdown measures the decline from a fund’s peak to its subsequent trough, offering insight into downside risk and volatility during challenging market periods.
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High-Water Mark
The High-Water Mark is the peak value a fund must exceed before it can charge performance fees again, protecting investors from paying fees on previously lost capital.
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Operational & Regulatory Compliance
Counterparty Risk
Counterparty risk is the risk that the other party in a financial transaction may not fulfill their obligations.
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Audits
Audits involve the independent review and verification of a company’s financial records and operations to ensure compliance and accuracy.
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Compliance Framework
A Compliance Framework consists of policies, procedures, and controls that a fund or asset manager implements to ensure adherence to legal and regulatory standards.
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Custodian
A Custodian is a financial institution responsible for safeguarding a fund's assets, ensuring the secure custody and proper administration of securities and cash on behalf of investors.
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KYC / AML
KYC (Know Your Customer) and AML (Anti-Money Laundering) are regulatory processes designed to prevent financial crimes by verifying the identity of investors and ensuring compliance with relevant laws.
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Track Record Verification
Track Record Verification ensures that the performance history of a fund or manager is accurate, consistent, and reliable, offering allocators confidence in the manager’s historical results.
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Operational Due Diligence (ODD)
Operational Due Diligence (ODD) is the process of evaluating the operational infrastructure and risk management systems of a fund or asset manager to ensure they meet industry standards and protect investor capital.
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Trading & Execution Infrastructure
Liquidity Providers
Liquidity providers are institutions or entities that offer buy and sell orders in the market, ensuring liquidity for traders and investors.
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Limit Stop
A limit stop is a type of stop loss order that triggers when a security reaches a specified price limit.
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API (Application Programming Interface)
An API (Application Programming Interface) allows different software systems to communicate with each other, facilitating seamless integration and data sharing in trading and investment platforms.
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FIX Protocol
The FIX Protocol (Financial Information eXchange) is an industry-standard messaging protocol used for electronic trading to facilitate real-time communication between market participants.
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Prime Brokerage
Prime Brokerage is a suite of services provided to hedge funds and other institutional investors, including trade execution, financing, clearing, and custodial services.
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Execution Venue
An Execution Venue is the platform or marketplace where trades are executed. It includes stock exchanges, over-the-counter markets, dark pools, and electronic communication networks (ECNs).
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Limit Order
A Limit Order allows a trader to specify the price at which they want to buy or sell an asset. It ensures control over the execution price but may not guarantee the trade will be filled if the price is not met.
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Market Order
A Market Order is an instruction to buy or sell a security immediately at the best available current market price. It ensures swift execution but may result in price slippage during volatile conditions.
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Manager & Allocator Engagement
Reporting
Reporting is the process of providing performance updates, financial statements, and other key information to investors.
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Reporting Pack
A Reporting Pack is a standardized set of investor reports, typically including NAV, performance data, risk metrics, and commentary on the fund’s activity, provided to investors periodically.
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Factsheet
A Factsheet is a one-page document that provides an overview of a fund's key attributes, such as strategy, performance, risk metrics, and management team.
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investment memorandum
An Investor Memo is a document summarizing key details about a fund or strategy, including its structure, performance, risk profile, and management team, used to inform potential investors.
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Hard Circle
A Hard Circle represents a formal and binding commitment by an allocator to invest in a fund. It provides a clear indication of the actual capital that will be committed.
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Soft Circle
A Soft Circle refers to an informal expression of investment interest from an allocator. It is non-binding and typically used in the early stages of fundraising to gauge potential investor interest.
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Onboarding
Onboarding is the structured process of integrating new managers or allocators into a system. It involves due diligence, compliance checks, and technical setup to ensure a smooth operational relationship.
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